• Text:
  Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, David A. Bell, Oxford University Press, Third Edition. Chapter: 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17-only Hall effect.
  
• Reference:
  A course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, A K.Sawhney, Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
  Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments, E.W Golding, F.C Widdis

• No book is perfect. Books contain mistakes. Read with an open mind.
• I am not a perfect teacher. I have doubts, questions and misconceptions. Don't follow me blindly.
• A book which has no mistake or a teacher who is perfect is of no good. When you start identifying the flaws in them, studying becomes fun.

Chapter	#Hours	Content
Measurement units, systems and standards	0	Go through Chapter 1 of the Text youselves. Questions will be asked from this in the exam.
Measurement error	0	Go through Chapter 2 of the Text youselves. We shall solve numerical problems on this in our tutorial classes. Questions will be asked from this in the exam. Must know sections: 2-3
Electro-mechanical instruments: Physics and Engineering	3	Chapter 3 of the Text Working principle of a PMMC Instrument [animation], Torque equation Working principle of a Electrodynamic Instrument [animation], Torque equation Working principle of a Moving Iron Instrument [animation1, animation2], Torque equation Relative merits of PMMC, Electrodynamic and MI Instruments Deflecting, controlling and damping torques [tear down] Instrument classification and grades [Rayleigh current balance] Working principle of a Electrostatic Instrument [tear down], Torque equation Hot wire instrument Thermocouple instrument Galvanometer: Moving system equation -- How deflecting, controlling and damping torque control the motion of the coil together, natural frequency, critical damping and critical damping resistance, Principle of Ballistic Galvanometer Must know sections: 3-2 (operating forces only), 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6(Excluding Quadrant-type Electrostatic Voltmeter), 3-8 Good to know sections: 3-7(Excluding Thermocouple bridge) Practice problems: 3-3.1, 3-4.1, 3-5.1, 3-8.1
Electro-mechanical ammeters, voltmeters and ohm-meters	3	Chapter 4 of the Text Ammmeter: range changing with a shunt resistance, multirange, Ayrton shunt, swamping resistance, burden voltage, Voltmeter: multiplier resitance, range changing, sensitivity and FSD current, multirange, loading effect of voltmeters, Ohmmeter: Simple series ohmmeter, zero adjustment, multirange (shunt) ohmmeter, Rectifier based ammeter and voltmeters - half and full wave Must know sections: 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-7 Good to know sections: 4-6 Practice problems: 4-1.1, 4-2.1, 4-5.1, 4-1, 4-5
Resistance Measurement	2 (12Jan18)	Chapter 8 of the Text Voltmeter-ammeter method: inaccuracies due to connection, substitution method, wheatstone bridge: Accuracy, precission and sensitivity Low resistance measurement: 4 terminal resistance, Kelvin double bridge High resistance measurement: Guard wire, megger, why AC voltage is not suitable for high resistance measurement Must know sections: 8-1, 8-2, 8-3(Only four-terminal Resistors and Kelvin Bridge), 8-5 (only Voltmeter and Ammeter Method and Guard wire and Guard Ring), 8-6 (Hand-cranked Megohmmeter) Practice problems:
Impedence Measurement: AC Bridges	2 (17-18Jan18)	Chapter 9(Only section 9-1) and 10 of the Text Series and parallel equivalent representations of a lossy capacitor or an lossy inductor, Q factor and D factor AC Bridges: Product and Ratio bridges, simple capacitance and inductance measuring bridges, Schering, Wien, Maxwell, Hay, Anderson, Owen, Carey-Foster bridges Electromagnetic, and electrostatic interference and screening Must know sections: 9-1, Chapter 10 completely DON'T Memorize the names of the bridges. We shall never ask you to draw Maxwell, Anderson, Carey-Foster, ... bridges DO Understand and remember the generic bridge balance equation both in product form as well as ratio form Be able to quickly recognize whether a given bridge can be balanced or not Most bridges are either a product bridge or a ratio bridge, be able to quickly find the balance equation of such a bridge Be able to find bacance equation of any arbitrary bridge Be able to design a product or a ratio bridge to measure an unknown inductance or capacitance and find the balance equation Be able to design a product or a ratio bridge to measure an unknown inductance or capacitance under the constraints such as you do not have any standard inductor (or capacitor) or you do not have standard high (or low) value resistances etc. Understand that in AC bridges the balance is obtained through iterative and alternate tuning where the convergence is an isuue
Electro-mechanical wattmeters and energy meters	2 (19Jan18)	Chapter 16 of the Text Electrodynamic Wattmeter, Connection error and compensation method, Power and powerfactor measurement with only Voltmeter or only Ammeter, 3-phase power and poerfactor measurement, Kilowatthourmeter Must know sections: 16-1, 16-2, 16-3, 16-4, 16-5, 16-6, 16-7
Potentiometers: DC and AC	2	Chapter 14 of the Text Must know sections: 14-3 (Basic DC Potentiometer), 14-4 (Kelvin-Varley Voltage Divider), 14-5, Why or when Potentiometers are used - No loading current Good to read the rest of the chapter once, don't have to memorize these, these are all common sense.
Instrument transformers: CT & PT	2	A Note from the Book by Stout Must know topics: Phasor diagram of a transformer, Equivalent circuit of a transformer, Why insturument transformers are used (range changing, safety and other causes)?, What is ratio error?, what is phase angle error?, To justify from the phasor diagram or equivalent circuit why the leakage impedance should be minimized in a PT?, Why the no-load current should be small in a CT?, Why the secondary of a PT should never be shorted?, why the secondary of a CT should never be opened?
Magnetic Measurement	0.5	Chapter 17 of the Text Magnetic Fulx measuremet with a Ballistic Galvanometer, Hall effect Sensor Must know sections: 17-2, 17-3
Problem solving sessions	2.5

Problem sheet (Due on 16 Feb 2018)
General Instructions:

• Make a small notebook for the tutorial problems.
• Solve the problems at home by yourselves as the course progresses and as the topics are covered. Leave the problems for which the topics are not yet covered aside temporarily and wait (example ballistic Galvanometer or current transformer).
• We shall have three tutorial sessions before the mid-sem exam. In these sessions, you may get assistance for the most difficult problems only.
• Do not try to solve all the problems in the tutorial sessions. Do not expect to have assistance for all the problems in the tutorial sessions. So please solve as many as possible problems before coming to the tutorials.
• Should you have any difficulty, feel free to meet us outside the classes.
• We shall collect the notebook on the last class before mid-sem (16 Feb 2018) and the notebook will be graded. If you cannot come on that day arrange to submit it earlier or send that via a friend. Absolutely no extension of the deadline will be given.

• 24 Jan 2018
• 8 Feb 2018
• 9 Feb 2018

• Homework 1 (Due on 17/01/2018) Problems (text book) 3-5, 3-13, 3-21 (also compute the natural frequency of this meter and required amount of resistance to put in series with the coil to get critical damping), 4-3, 4-9, 4-3.1(assume diods are ideal and full bridge rectifier), 4-17, 4-25, 8-1, 8-5, 8-9

• Spot test 1 (On 5/01/2018) Question paper
• Class test 1 (On 25/01/2018) Syllabus: Measurement units, systems and standards, Measurement error, Electro-mechanical instruments, Ammeters Voltmeters Ohmmeters, Resistance Measurement, Electro-mechanical wattmeters and energy meters, Impedence Measurement: AC Bridges. Question paper
• Spot test 2 (On 6/02/2018) Question paper
• Class test 2 (On 9/02/2018) Syllabus: Full syllabus Question paper
• Class test 3 (On 16/02/2018) Syllabus: Full syllabus Question paper
• Mid Sem (On 27/02/2018) Question paper

Chapter 3 related

• Derivation of electrostatic energy in a capacitor
• Derivation of electromagnetic energy in an inductor
• Energy in a pair of coupled inductors
• Torque in an electrostatic instrument
• Torque in a moving iron instrument
• DOUBT raised in class: If a capacitor is charged with a battery with voltage V and if the final charge of the capacitor is Q, then the work done by the battery is QV=CV^2. Therefore the energy in the capacitor should be CV^2 instead of 0.5CV^2. !!!
• CORRECTION: I told that deflecting torque is not a function of theta, I should have told it need not be a function of theta, or idealy it is not a function of theta.

• QUESTION raised in the class! Does the series parallel equivalence of practical inductor (capacitor) depend on the frequency? If so should we ever convert a series RL (or parallel RC) to parallel RL (or series RC) and use them. Ans: Both series and parallel RL (or RC) equivalents are simplified representations of much more complex physical phenomena and all equivalent representations are dependent on frequency. Therefore, never think a series RL (or a parrallel RC) to be more accurate (i.e less frequency dependent) than parallel RL (or series RC)
• CORRECTION in the book: In carey-Foster Bridge diagram M is shown as variable and C3 as constant. That's not true, M is the unknown when we are using the bridge to measure M and if you see the balance equation M comes interms of C3, so C3 should be a variable one

• QUESTION raised in the class! Does the mutually induced voltage in the compensating coil of an Wattmeter introduce any error in power measurement. Ans. NO. Because the mutually induced voltage is 90 degree out of phase with the current coil flux and therefore additional torque generated by the extra induced voltage is zero on average over a complete cycle